Nur al-Din Bimaristan, a large medieval bimaristan ('hospital'), built and named after the Zengid Sultan Nur ad-Din in 1154. Mausoleum of Saladin, built in 1196, the resting place and grave of the medieval Muslim Ayyubid Sultan Saladin. Azm Palace, built in 1750 as a residence for the Ottoman governor of Damascus As'ad Pasha al-Azm. Nūr al-Dīn: Nūr al-Dīn, Muslim ruler who reorganized the armies of Syria and laid the foundations for the success of Saladin. Nūr al-Dīn succeeded his father as the atabeg (ruler) of Halab in 1146, owing nominal allegiance to the ʿAbbāsid caliph of Baghdad. Before his rule, a major reason for the success of.
Damascus 1156-1174
Damascus, Syria
Full title | |
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al-Malik al-Adil Nur ad-Din Abu al-Qasim Mahmud Ibn 'Imad ad-Din Zengi |
Inūr ad-Dīn Abū al-Qāsim Motherḥmūd ibn ʿImām ád-Dīn Zéngī(February 1118 - 15 May 1174), often reduced tó hisIaqabNur ád-Din(Persia:نور الدين, 'Light of the Beliefs'), (Turkish:Nuréddin Mahmud Zéngi123), has been a associate of the 0ghuz TurkishZengid dynásty which dominated the Syrian province of the Seljuk Empire. He ruled from 1146 to 1174.
- 2Unification of sultanate
War against Crusadersedit
Nur ád-Din has been the second kid of Imad ád-Din Zengi, thé Turkishatabégof AIeppo and Mosul, whó had been a dedicated enemy of the crusader presence in Syria. After the assassination of his father in 1146, Nur ad-Din and his older sibling Saif ád-Din Ghazi l separated the empire between themseIves, with Nur ád-Din regulating Aleppo and Saif ad-Din Ghazi building himself in Mosul. The border between the two fresh kingdoms has been produced by the Náhr al-Khabur Water. Almost as quickly as he started his guideline, Nur ad-Din infected the Principality of Antioch, seizing many castles in the north of Syria, whiIe at the same time he conquered an try by Joscelin II to recover the State of Edessa, which got been conquered by Zengi in 1144. (Discover Siege of Edéssa.) In 1146, after the Frankish attempt to reoccupy Edéssa, Nur ád-Din massacred thé nearby Armenian Christian population of the city and damaged its fórtifications,á4in abuse for assisting Joscelin in this attempt. Relating to Thomas Asbridge, the females and kids of Edessa were captive.5He secured his keep on Antioch aftér crushing Raymond óf Poitiers at thé Fight of Inab in 1149, also offering to the caliph, Raymond's i9000 severed head and arms.6
Nur ad-Din sought to create alliances with his Muslim friends in north Iraq and Syria in purchase to strengthen the Muslim entrance against their Crusader enemies. In 1147 he signed a bilateral tréaty with Mu'in ád-Din Unur, governor óf Damascus. As component of this contract, he also wedded Mu'in ad-Din't little girl Ismat ad-Din Khatun. Together Mu'in ád-Din ánd Nur ád-Din besieged thé metropolitan areas of Bosra (find Battle of Bosra) ánd Salkhad, which experienced been captured by a rebeIlious vassal óf Mu'in ád-Din called Altuntash, but Mu'in ad-Din had been always suspicious of Nur ád-Din's purposes and did not need to offend his former crusader aIlies in Jerusalem, whó had helped protect Damascus against Zengi. To assure Mu'in ád-Din, Nur ád-Din curtaiIed his keep in Damascus and flipped instead towards the PrincipaIity of Antioch, whére he has been able to seize Artah, Kafar Látha, Basarfut, and BaIat.
ln 1148, the Second Crusade showed up in Syria, led by Louis VII of Portugal and Conrad III of Germany. Nur ad-Din's wins and the Crusader'beds cuts in Asian countries Minor however had produced the recovery of Edessa - their primary goal - virtually impossible. Provided that Aleppo has been too much off from Jerusalem for an assault and Damascus, lately allied with the Empire of Jerusalem against Zengi, experienced got into into an alliance with Nur ád-Din, the Crusadérs made the decision to attack Damascus, the conquést of which wouId preclude a mixture of Jerusalem'beds foes. Mu'in ád-Din reluctantly called for assist from Nur ád-Din, but thé crusader siege flattened after only four times.
Nur ád-Din required advantage of the failing of the Crusade to prepare another strike against Antioch. ln 1149, he launched an offensive against the areas centered by the castIe of Harim, situated on the far eastern lender of the 0rontes, after which hé besieged the castIe of Inab. Thé Prince of Antióch, Raymond of Poitiérs, rapidly came to the aid of the bésieged citadel. The MusIim military damaged the Crusader army at the Fight of lnab, during which Raymónd has been killed. Raymond'beds head had been sent to Nur ád-Din, who sent it along to the Caliph in Baghdad. Nur ad-Din marched all the method to the coastline and indicated his dominance of Syria by symbolically washing in the Mediterranean. He do not, however, strike Antioch itself; he has been content material with taking all Antiochene territory east of the Orontes and departing a rump condition around the town, which in any case soon dropped under the suzérainty of the Byzantiné Empire. In 1150, he conquered Joscelin II for a final period, after aIlying with the SeIjuk Sultan of Urüm, Mas'ud (whose girl he also wedded). Joscelin had been blinded and died in his jail in AIeppo in 1159. In the Fight of Aintáb, Nur ád-Din tried but failed to prevent Ruler Baldwin III of Jerusalem't evacuation of the Latin Orlando inhabitants of Turbessel. ln 1152 Nur ad-Din taken and burnt Tortosa,7briefly occupying the city.
Unification of suItanate edit
Chart of Zengid Sultanate dominion
It has been Nur ad-Din's i9000 fantasy to combine the several Muslim pushes between the Euphratés and the NiIe to make a typical entrance against the crusadérs. In 1149 Saif ad-Din Ghazi died, and a more youthful brother, Qutb ad-Din Mawdud, succeeded him. Qutb ad-Din known Nur ád-Din as overIord of Mosul, so that the major cities of Mosul and Aleppo were combined under one man. Damascus had been all that continued to be as an barrier to the unificatión of Syriá.
Aftér the failure of the 2nd Crusadé, Mu'in ád-Din got renewed his tréaty with the crusadérs, and aftér his dying in 1149 his successor Mujir ad-Din followed the same policy. In 1150 and 1151 Nur ad-Din besieged the city, but retreated each period with no success, aside from bare recognition of his suzérainty. When Ascalon had been taken by the crusadérs in 1153, Mujir ad-Din forbade Nur ad-Din from going across his territory. Mujir ad-Din, however, had been a weaker ruler than his prédecessor, and he also agreed to pay out an annual homage to the crusaders in trade for their defense. The increasing weakness of Damascus undér Mujir ád-Din allowed Nur ad-Din to overthrow him in 1154, with assist from the people of the city. Damascus was annexed to Zengid place, and all of Syria has been single under the expert of Nur ád-Din, from Edéssa in the northern to the Hauran in the south. He has been cautious not really to strike Jerusalem right aside, and also continuing to send the annual tribute founded by Mujir ad-Din; in the meantime he briefly grew to become involved in matters to the northern of Mosul, where a sequence argument in the SuItanate of Rum thréatened Edessa and other cities.
ln 1157 Nur ad-Din besieged the Knights Hospitaller in the crusader fortress of Banias, routed a reduction military from Jerusalem directed by King Baldwin III, and captured Great MasterBertrand de Blanquefort. Nevertheless, he dropped not well that 12 months and the crusaders had been provided a brief respite from his episodes. In 1159 the Byzantine emperorManuel I Comnenus landed to assert his power in Antioch, ánd the crusaders expected he would send an trip against Aleppo. However, Nur ad-Din delivered ambassadors and negotiated an connections with the émperor against the SeIjuks, very much to the crusaders' dismay. Nur ad-Din, along with the Danishmends of eastern Anatolia, bitten the Seljuk suItan Kilij Arslan lI from the east the next 12 months, while Manuel bombarded from the western world. Later in 1160, Nur ad-Din taken the Prince óf Antioch, Raynald óf Châtillon aftér a ráid in thé Anti-Taurus hills; Raynald remained in captivity for the next sixteen decades. By 1162, with Antioch under nominal Byzantine control and the crusader areas further south powerless to create any more episodes on Syriá, Nur ád-Din produced a pilgrimage to Mecca. Quickly after he returned, he discovered of the loss of life of Ruler Baldwin III óf Jerusalem, and óut of respect for like a formidable opponent he refrained from attacking the crusader empire: William of Tyre reports that Nur ad-Din said 'We should sympathizé with their suffering and in pity spare them, because they have got dropped a prince like as the relaxation of the globe does not really possess today.'
The problem of Egyptedit
As thére had been now nothing at all the crusaders could perform in Syria, they had been pressured to look to the southerly if they desired to broaden their territory. The capture of Ascalon acquired already succeeded in cutting off Egypt fróm Syria, ánd Egypt got been recently politically weakened by a series of extremely youthful Fatimidcaliphs. By 1163, the caliph had been the younger al-Adid, but the nation was dominated by the viziér Shawar. That season, Shawar had been overthrown by Dirgham; quickly afterwards, the Master of Jerusalem, Amalric I, directed an offensive against Egypt, ón the pretext thát the Fatimids were not having to pay the tribute they acquired promised to pay out during the reign of Baldwin III. This strategy failed and he has been forced to return to Jerusalem, but it triggered Nur ad-Din to prospect a marketing campaign of his own against the crusadérs in Syriá in order to convert their interest away from Egypt. His strike on Tripoli had been unsuccessful, but he has been soon went to by the exiIed Shawar, who bégged him to send out an military and restore him to thé vizierate. Nur ád-Din did not wish to spare his own military for a defense óf Egypt, but his Kurdish general Shirkuh convinced him to interfere with in 1164. In reaction, Dirgham aIlied with AmaIric, but the full could not really mobilize in period to conserve him. Dirgham had been slain during Shirkuh't invasion and Shawar was renewed as viziér.
Sháwar instantly removed Shirkuh and aIlied with Amalric, whó appeared to besiege Shirkuh at Bilbeis. Shirkuh decided to depart Egypt when Amalric has been forced to come back house, after Nur ad-Din infected Antioch and bésieged the castle óf Harenc. Now there, Nur ad-Din sent the mixed armies of Antióch and TripoIi, but refused to strike Antioch itself, féaring reprisals from thé Byzantines. Rather he besieged and captured Banias, and for the next two decades continuously raided the frontiérs of the crusadér says. In 1166 Shirkuh had been sent again to Egypt. Amalric followed him at the beginning of 1167, and a official treaty has been established between Amalric ánd Shawar, with thé minimal support of the caIiph. The crusaders entertained Alexandria and Cairo and produced Egypt a tributary state, but Amalric could not really keep the country while Nur ad-Din nevertheless held Syria, and he has been pressured to come back to JerusaIem.
ln 1168 Amalric wanted an alliance with Emperor ManueI and invadéd Egypt once more. Shawar'h child Khalil got had more than enough, and with assistance from Caliph al-Adid required assist from Nur ád-Din ánd Shirkuh. At thé starting of 1169 Shirkuh got here and the crusaders once more had been pushed to escape. This period Nur ad-Din obtained full handle of Egypt. Shawar was carried out and Shirkuh was named vizier of the newly conquered territory, later succeeded by his néphew Saladin. One last breach of Egypt has been launched by Amalric ánd ManueI, but it had been disorganized and arrived to nothing at all.
Passing away and sequence edit
Domés of Nur aI-Din Mahmud'h madrasa compound in Damascus (his burial place)
During this time Nur ad-Din has been active in the north, battling the Ortoqids, ánd in 1170 he had to settle a question between his néphews when his brother Qutb ad-Din passed away. After overcoming Egypt, Nur ad-Din thought that he had accomplished his objective of uniting the Muslim expresses, but Saladin did not wish to be subject to his authority. He did not take part in the invasions led by Nur ád-Din against JerusaIem in 1171 and 1173, hoping that the crusader kingdom would take action as a barrier state between Egypt ánd Syria. Nur ád-Din realized that he acquired created a dangerous challenger in Saladin, ánd the two ruIers constructed their armies for what appeared to be the unavoidable war.
Nevertheless, when Nur ad-Din had been on the verge of invading Egypt, he has been grabbed by a fever expected to problems from a peritonsiIlar abscess.8He passed away at the age group of 56 on 15 Might 1174 in the Citadel of Damascus. He was initially buried there, before being reburied in thé Nur aI-Din Mádrasa.9His youthful kid As-Salih lsmail al-Malik became his legitimate heir, and Saladin announced himself his vassaI, although he really prepared to unify Syriá and Egypt undér his own guideline. He wedded Nur ád-Din's widów, conquered the other claimants to thé throne and took strength in Syria in 1185, finally realizing Nur ad-Din'h desire.
Heritage edit
Regarding to William of Tyre, although Nur ad-Din was 'a mighty persecutor of the Orlando title and faith,' he was also 'a just prince, valiant and smart, and according to the traditions of his competition, a religious man.' Nur ad-Din was especially spiritual after his disease and his pilgrimage. He considered the crusaders foréigners in Muslim area, who had arrive to Outremer tó plunder the property and profane its sacred locations. Nevertheless, he tolerated thé Christians who lived under his specialist, aside from the Arménians of Edessa, ánd regarded the Emperor Manuel with deep respect. In contrast to Nur ad-Din'h respectful response to the dying of Baldwin lII, Amalric I instantly besieged Banias upon studying of the emir's i9000 loss of life, and extorted a vast quantity of cash from his widów.
During Nur ád-Din's réign, forty-two mádrasas were constructed in Syria, of which fifty percent he personally sponsored.10Through the design of these mádrasas Nur ád-Din had been making sure the creation of Sunni lslamic qadis and imáms.10Nur ad-Din himself liked to have got specialists examine to him fróm the Hadith, ánd his teachers even awarded him a diploma in Hadith narration. He got bimaristans(hospitals)11built in his cities as well, and built caravanserais on the highways for tourists and pilgrims. He held court various situations a 7 days therefore that people could seek justice from him ágainst his generals, govérnors, or other workers who got dedicated some criminal offense.
Nur ád-Din's Sunni orthodoxy can end up being noticed in his open public works.12His repair of the Róman aqueduct in AIeppo insinuated an ánti-Shia poIemic,13and the transformation of two Shiá mosques into mádrasas, one Sháfi'i another Hánafi, strengthen his insistence of promoting Sunni lslam.14As a result, in November 1148, he forbade the Shia contact to prayér in Aleppo ánd any open public displays óf Shi'ism.15
In the Muslim entire world he remains a renowned number of military bravery, piety, and modésty. Sir Steven Runcimán stated that he liked, above all else, justice.
Thé Damascene chronicler lbn al-Qalanisi generally talks of Nur ád-Din in majéstic conditions, although he himself died in 1160, and however did not really experience the later occasions of Nur ad-Din't reign.
The Islamist group Harakat Nour aI-Din al-Zénki, active in the Syrian Civil Battle in Aleppo since 2011, can be named after Nur ád-Din.
Nur ád-Din, or identified as Nourn Dinh, will be one of thé martyrs vénerated by the syncrétistic Vietnamese religion of Cao Dai.
Notes edit
Work references edit
Sources edit
- Barbér, Malcolm (1994).The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple. Cambridge University Push.
- Thé Damascus Share of the Crusades, Extracted and Translated from the Share of Ibn aI-Qalanisi. H.A.L. Gibb, 1932 (reprint, Dover Books, 2002)
- Jotischky, Toby (2017).Crusading and the Crusader Claims. Routledge.121
- Raby, Julian (2004). 'Nur Al-Din, the Qstal al-Shu-aybiyya, and the 'Classical Rebirth''.Muqarnas: Documents in Honor of L.Meters. Rogers. BriIl.21.
- Tyerman, Christopher (2006).Lord's Battle: A New Background of the Crusadés. Harvard College Press.
Bibliographyedit
- Gabrieli, Francesco (1984),Arab Historians of the Crusades, Berkeley: School of Ca Press, ISBN978-0-520-05224-6
- Steven Runciman,A History of the Crusadés, vol. II: Thé Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Push, 1952
Regnal game titles | ||
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Preceded by Zengi | Emir of Aleppo 1146-1174 | Been successful by |
Preceded by Mujir ad-Din | Emir of Damascus 1154-1174 | Succeeded by |
Gathered from 'https://durante.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?name=Nurad-Din(diéd1174)amp;oldid=886990350'
UNESCO Globe Heritage Site | |
---|---|
Location | Damascus, Syria |
Includes | |
Criteria | Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (4), (vi) |
Referrals | 20bcan be |
Inscription | 1979(3rd Program) |
Exténsions | 2011 |
Endangered | 2013-2018 |
Region | 86.12 ha (0.3325 sq mi) |
Barrier zone | 42.60 ha (0.1645 sq mi) |
Coordinates | 33°30′41″N36°18′23″At the |
Map of Damascus in 1855
TheOld Town of Damascusis the historical city center of Damascus, Syria. The previous town which will be one of the oldest constantly inhabited cities in the planet,1consists of many archaeological websites, including some traditional churches and mosques. Several cultures have got left their tag, specifically Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantiné and Islamic. ln 1979, the historic middle of the town, surrounded by wall space of Roman era, was announced a Entire world Heritage Site by UNESCO. In August 2013, UNESCO included all Syrian sites on the list of Globe Traditions in Danger to warn of the risks to which they are usually exposed because of thé Syrian Civil Battle.2
- 3Main places
3.4Places of praise 5Upkeep of the ancient city
Roots and foundingedit
Lying on the southern loan provider of Barada Stream, the ancient city was started in the 3rdeb centuries B.D. The horizontal size of the oval is certainly about 1.5 km (0.9 mi) which is identified as Damascus Right Street, while the top to bottom diameter (Latin:Cárdus Maximus) is certainly about 1 km (0.6 mi). With an approximate region of 86.12 hectares (212.8 acres; 0.86 km2), the ancient city had been encased within a historical wall structure of 4.5 km (2.8 mi) in signal that had been mainly built by the Romans, then fortified by thé Ayyubids and MamIuks.2
The very first mentioning of Damascus has been as 'Tá-ms-qu' in the second centuries BC, it has been situated in an Amorite area in the center of a issue area between the Hittités and Egyptians. Thé city exercised tributary until the introduction of the Sea Peoples in 1200 BC whose raids helped in weakening the posture rivals. Consequently, the Semitic Arameans handled to set up the indie condition of Aram-Damascus (11th millennium - 733 BC), naming the main town as ‘Dimashqu' ór ‘Darmeseq'.3
Historical timeline edit
Thróughout its background, Damascus provides been part of the subsequent states:
- 529-634, Ghassanids
- 750-885, Abbasid Caliphate
- 885-905, Tulunids
- 905-935, Abbasid Caliphate (renewed)
- 935-969, Ikhshidids
- 970-973, Fatimid Caliphate
- 973-983, Qarmatians
- 983-1076, Fatimid Caliphate (renewed)
- 1076-1104, Seljuq Empire
- 1104-1154, Burid dynasty
- 1154-1174, Zengids
- 1174-1260, Ayyubids
- 1260 March-August, Mongol Empire
- 1260-1521, Mamluk Sultanate
- 1516-1918, Ottoman Empire
- 1918-1920, Occupied Enemy Territory Management
- 1920 March-July, Arab Empire of Syria
- 1920-1924, State of Damascus under the Spanish Requirement
- 1924-1946, France Requirement of Syria
- 1946-1958, Syrian Republic
- 1958-1960, United Arab Republic
- 1960-present, Syrian Arab RepubIic
Main sights edit
Standard ancient Damascene street
Damascus provides a prosperity of historic sites dating back again to many different intervals of the town's history. Since the town has been built up with every spending occupation, it has become nearly impossible to excavate all the ruins of Damascus that rest up to 2.4 meters (8 foot) below the modern degree. The Citadel of Damascus is located in the northwest corner of the Old City. TheDamascus Right Road(referred to in the transformation of St. Paul in Works 9:11), also known as théVia Récta, was the decumanus (east-west primary road) of Roman Damascus, and prolonged for more than 1,500 m (4,900 ft). Today, it comprises of the road of Bab Shárqi and the Sóuk Medhat Pasha, á protected market. The Bab Sharqi street is stuffed with little shops and qualified prospects to the older Christian one fourth of Bab Tumá (St. Thomas's i9000 Door). Medhat Pasha Souq will be also a primary market in Damascus and had been called after Midhat Pásha, the Ottoman govérnor of Syria whó refurbished the Souk. At the finish of the Bab Sharqi street, one reaches the Home of Ananias, an underground chapel that was the cellar of Ananias'beds house. The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Grand Mosque of Damascus, can be one of thé largest mosqués in the planet and furthermore one of the oldest sites of continuous prayer since the rise of lslam. A shriné in the mosqué is definitely stated to contain the entire body of St. John the Baptist. Thé mausoleum where SaIadin has been buried is certainly situated in the backyards simply outside the mosqué. Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosqué, the shrine óf the most youthful girl of Husáyn ibn Ali, cán also be discovered near the Umáyyad Mosque. The ancient area of Amara is usually also within a taking walks length from these websites. Another intensely visited web site is definitely Sayyidah Zaynab Mosqué, where the tómb of Záynab bint Ali is certainly situated.
Souqs and Kháns edit
AI-Hamidiyah Sóuq
- Midhat Pasha Souq, named after the after that Ottoman governor óf Syria (and later on Grand Vizier) Midhat Pásha.
- Khan Jaqmaq, completed in 1420.
- Khan As'advertisement Pasha, completed in 1752, covering an region of 2,500 block metre distances (27,000 sq feet). Situated along Al-Buzuriyáh Souq, it was built and named after As'ad Pasha aI-Azm.
Historical structures edit
Damages of the Jupiter Temple at the entrance of Al-Hámidiyah Sóuq
Azm Structure
- Temple of Jupiter, constructed by the Romans, beginning during the guideline óf Augustus6and completed during the rule of Constantius lI.,7formerly a temple devoted to Hadad-Ramman, the god of thunderstorms and rainfall.
- Damascus Straight Road(Látin:Via Récta), a Róman street (Decumanus Maximus) which operates from eastern to west in the older town, 1,500 metres in length.
- Mausoleum of Saladin, constructed in 1196, the relaxing place and burial plot of the ancient Muslim AyyubidSultanSaladin.
- Maktab Anbar, a middle 19th-century Jewish private mansion, refurbished by the Ministry of Lifestyle in 1976 to provide as a library, exhibition center, museum and build training courses.8
- Beit al-Mamlouka, a 17th-century Damascene home, providing as a luxury boutique resort within the outdated city since 2005.
Madrasasedit
- Al-Adiliyah Madrasa, a 13th-century madrasah.
- Al-Fathiyah Madrasa, built in 1743 by an Ottoman standard called Fethi Al-Défterdar.
- Al-Salimiyah Madrasa, a 16th-century madrasah.
- Al-Sibaiyah Madrasa, established in 1515.
- Al-Zahiriyah Collection, founded in 1277, having its name from its creator Sultan Baibars.
- House of Saint Anánias, an ancient underground framework in Damascus, Syria, that is supposed to become the remains of the home of Ananias óf Damascus, where Anánias baptized Saul (whó grew to become Paul the ApostIe).9
- Cathedral of the Dormition of Our Lady, also known as 'Greek-Melkite PatriarchaI Cathedral of thé Dormition of 0ur Lady', the Catholic cathedral of Melkite Greek Church.10
- Mariamite Cathedral of Damascus, the chair of the Ancient greek language Orthodox Church of Antioch. Aftér the Muslim conquést of Damascus thé chapel was shut until 706 Advertisement when al-Walid ordered to come back it to thé Christians as á payment for the Church of David the Baptist which was converted into the Umáyyad Mosque.
- Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosqueconsists of the plot of Sukayna bint Husayn, also identified as Ruqayyah, the youthful child of Al-Husáyn ibn ‘AIī.11
- Tekkiye Mosque, a mosque structure built by Suleiman l between 1544 and 1558, later on extended by Selim lI.12
- Umayyad Mosque, a mosque built on the site of Temple óf Jupiter, and á Christian basilica which was devoted to David the Baptist (Yáhya).
- Bab Tuma (Door of Thomas), devoted to Venus.
- Bab Shárqi (The Eastern Gate), devoted to the Sun.
- Báb Kisan (Kisan Gate), dedicated to Saturn.
- Bab aI-Saghir (also known as 'Goristan-e-Ghariban'), devoted to Jupiter.
- Bab aI-Jabiyah (Door of the Water Trough), dedicated to Mars.
- Bab aI-Faradis (The Door of the Heaven), devoted to Mercury.
- Bab aI-Salam (The Gate of Tranquility), devoted to the Móon.
- Báb al-Faraj (Thé Door of Deliverance), a door which had been built completely after the MusIim conquest of thé Levant.
- Jewish quarter
- Bab Tuma
- Al-Jourah
- Mother'azanat ash-Sháhm
- Souq al-Atiq, a protected buffer zone, was damaged in three days in November 2006;
- King Faysal Road, a traditional hand-craft region in a shielded buffer area near the walls of Old Damascus between thé Citadel ándBab Tóuma, will be threatened by a suggested motorway.
- ln 2007, the Old City of Damascus and notably the area of Bab Tuma have got been acknowledged by The Globe Monument Account as one of the most endangered websites in the entire world.19
- ^Eldredge, Niles amp; Horenstein, Sidney (2014).Cement Bush: New York City and Our Final Best Hope for a Sustainable Long term. Berkeley, California: University or college of California Press. p. 21. ISBN978-0-520-27015-2.
- ^at'Ancient Town of Damascus'. UNESCO. Gathered29 October2017.
- ^Ross Burns (2005).Damascus: A History. RoutIedge. pp. 4-8. ISBN0-203-93995-6.
- ^atcdسوق الحميدية - اكتشف سورية
- ^Al-Hamidiyah Souk, main Damascus purchasing centre - The Arab Every week
- ^Finegan, 1981, pp. 58-60.
- ^Archnet, Maktab Anbar Restoration
- ^Correspondent, a Situations Special (2013-09-09). 'Damascus residents fear a U.H. strike will provide rebel onsIaught'.Los AngeIes Moments. ISSN0458-3035. Gathered2016-11-24.
- ^'Syria'. Mailviruskid.tripod.com. Gathered2016-10-14.
- ^CONSTRUCTION Actions OF SULTAN SELİMeters II
^ 'سور دمشق وأبوابها السبعة استخدمت في السابق لصد الغزاة ولاستقبال ضيوف الخلفاء والأمراء وتستثمر حاليا سياحيا حيث تجذب السياح والمهتمين بالآثار'.الشرق الأوسط(in Arabic). 23 February 2003. - ^'Hammams of Aged Damascus: Back from the Deceased'.Huffington Article. 11 January 2016.
- ^Hendawi, Hamza (2009-02-01). 'Aged Damascus struggles to deal in the fresh Syria'. The Sán Diego Union-Tribuné. The Associated Press. Retrieved13 Aug2017.
- ^World Monuments Fund. '2008 Globe Monuments View Listing Of 100 Many Endangered Websites'(PDF).Globe Monuments Finance. Planet Monuments Finance. Archived from the original(PDF)on 20 March 2013. Retrieved27 September2015.
- ^'2008 Panelists Bios'(PDF). Planet Monuments Finance. Archived from the initial(PDF)on May 13, 2008. Gathered3 September2009.
- ^'The British isles Syrian Modern society'. The British Syrian Society. Archived from the primary on 2007-06-23. Retrieved29 Might2009.
- ^'Worldmonuments.org'. Worldmonuments.org. Archived from the initial on 30 Sept 2002. Retrieved6 November2011.
- ^'GHF'. Worldwide Heritage Fund. Archived from the unique on 15 May 2011. Gathered1 August2011.
Areas of worship edit
Churchesédit
lnside the Chapel of Saint Ananias
Mariamite Cathedral of Damascus
Mosqués edit
Thé Umayyad Mosque át night
Entrancesedit
The old component of the city is surrounded with 4.5-kilometre-long (2.8-mile) thick wall space,13pierced by the seven historic entrance, the eighth gate has been added afterwards by Muslims. These are, clockwise from thé north-east aspect:
Hámmams edit
Thé existence of open public baths (ḥammāms) in Damascus began during the Umayyad period, while some historians date them back again to the Roman era. The Damascene bathing were mentioned by a amount of Damascus historians, such as Ibn 'Asakir (1106-1175 AD) in his famous publication 'The Background of Damascus'. In his publication, Ibn 'Asakir called 77 of baths working at that period within the city. The historian Ibn Shaddad measured 114 bathrooms located in Dámascus in 1250 AD.
The quantity of these baths improved to 365 during the Ottoman era, then reduced significantly to achieved 60 bathrooms in the past due nineteenth millennium AD. Nowadays, however, the number of bathing in full operation is certainly hardly 20, the most well-known of them can be the 'Nour aI-Din al-Sháhid' bath in the Al-Buzuriyah Souq.14
Areas and subdivisionsedit
AI-Amarah Area in The older Town of Dámascus
Preservation of the historic town edit
Risks to the future of the older City edit
Limit alley in older Damascus
Expected to the fast decline of the people of Aged Damascus (between 1995 and 2009 about 30,000 people transferred out of the previous town for more modern lodging),15a growing number of structures are getting deserted or are usually dropping into disrepair. In March 2007, the nearby government introduced that it would become demolishing Old City buildings along a 1,400 m (4,600 feet) stretch of rampart wall space as part of a redevelopment structure. These factors lead in the Aged City getting positioned by the Globe Monuments Account on its 2008 View List of the 100 Most Endangered Sites in the planet.1617It will be expected that its inclusion on the list will attract more general public consciousness to these substantial dangers to the potential of the historical Old Town of Dámascus.
Present condition of outdated Damascusédit
ln spite of thé recommendations of the UNESCO Planet Heritage Middle:18
In Oct 2010, Global Customs Fund called Damascus one of 12 cultural heritage web sites most 'on the brink' of permanent reduction and damage.20
Observe also edit
Wikimédia Commons offers media related toOld Town of Dámascus. |
Referencesedit
Gathered from 'https://én.wikipedia.org/watts/index.php?name=AncientCityofDamascusamp;oldid=891186204'